Miniature of an unknown man (John Milton?), Anonymous, British School, 17th century, Watercolor on vellum, Gift of J.P. Morgan, Jr., The Morgan Library & Museum; AZ099 |
Viewing John Milton and Paradise Lost, Book I |
The Morgan Library & Museum To celebrate the 400th anniversary of the birth of the English poet John Milton (1608-1674), The Morgan Library & Museum presents the only surviving manuscript of Milton's masterpiece Paradise Lost Book 1. Acquired by Pierpont Morgan in 1904, Paradise Lost Book 1 is the most important British literary manuscript in the Morgan's collections. The thirty-three page manuscript has been temporarily disbound for conservation and digitization, providing the public with an unprecedented and unique opportunity to view eight of its original pages, the most that have ever been exhibited at one time. In addition, first editions of Paradise Lost printed in England and the United States during the 17th and 18th centuries are on view as well as a handsomely bound copy of the book from the library of King Charles II of England (1630-1685). A rarely seen miniature portrait of Milton is also exhibited. Paradise Lost was first issued anonymously, the title page bearing only the initials "J. M." It is likely that the printer Samuel Simmons decided against using Milton's full name on the title page because of Milton's support of regicide; he defended the execution of Charles I. Milton continued to be regarded as a dangerous radical when Paradise Lost was first published. Also on display is the first edition from the library of Charles II. In 1660, Charles II, the son of Charles I, was restored to the English throne. The king issued a proclamation calling for two of Milton's books to be publicly burned by the hangman. Milton was imprisoned and forced to pay a large sum to obtain his freedom. A miniature portrait of a middle-aged man is believed to depict John Milton at the age of 48. This may have been given by Milton to his second wife, Katherine Woodcock, whom he married in November 1656. The miniature was bequeathed to Woodcock's niece and was handed down in direct succession through the Woodcock family. Among the other treasures on view is an extremely rare 1777 edition of Paradise Lost published by Philadelphia printer Robert Bell, who more than a century after the first publication of Paradise Lost in London, ignored British copyright to publish the work for the first time in the United States. John Milton was born in London on December 9, 1608. During the politically turbulent decade of the 1640s, Milton wrote a series of pamphlets in defense of political, religious, and civil liberty, becoming the foremost polemicist of his day. He published his first collection of poems in 1646 but wrote no more poetry until he began composing Paradise Lost. In 1649, following the execution of Charles I, Milton was appointed secretary for foreign tongues, similar to the position of secretary of state, for the Commonwealth, England's republican government from 1649 to 1660. For the next ten years, he was the chief propagandist for Oliver Cromwell's regime as lord protector and the lightning rod for European reaction to the execution of the king. Milton composed the ten books of Paradise Lost between 1658 and 1663. He had first planned the work as early as 1640, intending to write a tragedy titled Adam Unparadised. By 1652 he had become completely blind, probably due to glaucoma. Blindness forced him to compose orally, rendering him entirely reliant upon several amanuenses (casual copyists among his friends and family) to whom he dictated. He composed the poem mostly at night or in the early morning, committing his composition to memory until someone was available to write down his words. He revised as his text was read back to him, so that a day's work amounted to twenty lines of verse. The only surviving manuscript of Paradise Lost is Book 1 written in secretary script by a professional scribe who probably transcribed patchwork pages of text Milton had dictated to various amanuenses. The copy was corrected by at least five different hands under Milton's personal direction and used by the printer to set the type for the first edition of the book. The Licensing Act, which was suspended during Cromwell's term as Lord Protector, was renewed in 1662. Printers and publishers therefore required a license in order to legally print and distribute any book. Printing was authorized only when an imprimatur (Latin for "let it be printed") was granted by the Stationers' Company. The imprimatur for the Paradise Lost manuscript is inscribed on the inside cover. Soiled with ink smudges and compositors' marks, printer's copy manuscripts were customarily discarded or recycled after printing. The rare presence of the imprimatur may account for the survival of the Morgan's manuscript. Milton sold the manuscript of Paradise Lost and the right to publish the poem to the printer Samuel Simmons for £5. The contract is dated April 27, 1667, and the book was published in late October or early November 1667. Although Milton had completed Paradise Lost by 1665, publication was delayed by a paper shortage caused by the Second Anglo-Dutch War, the Great Plague, and the Great Fire of London in 1666, which destroyed many of the city's presses. The absence of Simmons's name on the earliest title pages indicates that he may have been unable to print the book himself. The issues of 1668 and 1669 that do bear Simmons's name do not give an address, suggesting that the first edition was assigned to another printer, Peter Parker. Approximately 1,300 copies of the first edition were printed, issued with no fewer than six different title pages. Marketed at three shillings a copy, the first printing was sold out within eighteen months. John Milton's Paradise Lost is organized by Declan Kiely, Robert H. Taylor Curator of Literary and Historical Manuscripts, The Morgan Library & Museum. |
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John Milton, Paradise Lost. Manuscript of Book I, in the hand of an amanuensis, corrected at Milton's direction, ca. 1665, Purchased by Pierpont Morgan, 1904, The Morgan Library & Museum; MA 307.
Richard Westall, British, 1765-1836, Satan Calling His Spirits from the Fiery Lake, Watercolor over graphite on wove paper; mounted to card, 22-3/8 x 15-3/8", Purchased on the Sunny Crawford von Bülow, Fund in honor of Sir Paul Getty, 2003.13.
John Milton, Paradise Lost: A poem in twelve books, Philadelphia: Printed by Robert Bell, in Third-Street, 1777, Purchased by Pierpont Morgan, 1911, The Morgan Library & Museum; PML 17358. |
John Milton, Paradise Lost: A poem in ten books, London : Printed by S. Simmons, and to be sold by, S. Thomson at the Bishops-Head in Duck-lane, H. Mortlack at the White Hart in Westminster Hall, M. Walker under St. Dunstans Church in Fleetstreet, and R. Boulter at the Turks-Head in Bishopsgate street, 1668, Gift of Miss Caroline Newton, 1970, The Morgan Library & Museum; PML 60558. |
